Endotoxins such as liposaccharides (LPS) are potent inflammatory antigens and are found in the human gut. (1,2) There is however another potent source of endotoxins coming directly from the food we eat.(1,3,4) Evidenced by significant increases in endotoxin concentrations in as little as 30 minutes after consuming a meal and is emerging as a prime suspect in postprandial inflammation. (1,4)
 
Capable of passing through the gut wall and entering systemic circulation, endotoxins cause substantial increases in chronic inflammatory markers such as NF-kB, IL-6 and TNF-a.(1While mild postprandial inflammation is common, it was shown that minimising dietary intake of endotoxins reduced inflammation and improved cardiometabolic markers.(3,5)
​
Which foods contain high levels of endotoxin?

According to Herieka et al (2016), there may be endotoxins in foods generally considered healthy and is highly dependent on food preparation. Pre-packaged and processed foods including minced meat and pre-cut vegetables which are seemingly ‘unspoiled’ and kept refrigerated frequently contain large amounts of endotoxin resulting in chronic inflammation and even endotoxemia.(3)

Some research also suggests certain fats unfavorably alter intestinal permeability, allowing endotoxins from a meal to pass into systemic circulation, however the exact mechanism is still unclear.(1,4,6)
​
Given that inflamm-ageing is associated with changes in digestion, metabolism, our microbiome and inflammatory status, we may need to amend the current anti-inflammatory diets to include ‘fresh is best’.

1. Erridge, C., Attina, T., Spickett, C. M., & Webb, D. J. (2007). A high-fat meal induces low-grade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(5), 1286–1292. doi:10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1286 
2. Kim, K. A., Jeong, J. J., Yoo, S. Y., & Kim, D. H. (2016). Gut microbiota lipopolysaccharide accelerates inflamm-aging in mice. BMC microbiology, 16, 9. doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0625-7
3. Herieka, M., Faraj, T. A., & Erridge, C. (2016). Reduced dietary intake of pro-inflammatory Toll-like receptor stimulants favourably modifies markers of cardiometabolic risk in healthy men. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 26(3), 194-200.
4. Erridge, C. (2011). The capacity of foodstuffs to induce innate immune activation of human monocytes in vitro is dependent on food content of stimulants of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. British journal of nutrition, 105(1), 15-23.
5. Wassenaar, T. M., & Zimmermann, K. (2018). Lipopolysaccharides in Food, Food Supplements, and Probiotics: Should We be Worried?. European journal of microbiology & immunology, 8(3), 63–69. doi:10.1556/1886.2018.00017
6. Boutagy, N. E., McMillan, R. P., Frisard, M. I., & Hulver, M. W. (2016). Metabolic endotoxemia with obesity: Is it real and is it relevant? Biochimie, 124, 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.020 

Recent research into circadian rhythms shows that the time of day when food is
ingested influences nutrient absorption, assimilation and utilisation. This had led to a dramatic increase in research into the possible benefits of time-restricted eating (TRE). TRE suggests benefits in narrowing the time-window for eating and raises the question whether the largest meal is best consumed at the beginning or end of the day.
 
‘When we eat may be as important as what we eat.’
 
Humans evolved with cyclic periods of fasting and feeding. These adapted temporal rhythms act at the cellular level switching between nutrient utilisation and storage. Fasting-feeding cycles are known to acutely activate nutrient-sensing pathways in what is termed the ‘molecular clock’.
 
The circadian molecular clock ensures that gene expression and appropriate pathways that help assimilate nutrients begin to rise in anticipation of feeding, so the body can handle the rush of nutrients in an optimal way and maintain nutrient balance.
 
Circadian fasting-feeding cycles affect metabolism

The time of day wen food is ingested exerts a powerful influence on metabolic health including:

• body composition and size
• hunger and satiety
• liver health
• blood sugar and cholesterol
• neuroendocrine function
• the gut microbiome
• heart function
• inflammation
• sleep

 
A current hotly debated topic is what time of the day should the largest meal be consumed. It is well established that after eating, blood glucose remains higher in the evening than in the morning. This research been put to the test with human clinical trials, to once and for all answer these common questions:

• Is it better to consume the main meal in the first or last half of the day?
• Is it safe to skip breakfast, lunch or dinner?

 
According to researcher Chaix (2019), restricting the time of food access for example to an 8-10 hour window during the day, not only reduces obesity, but activates multiple longevity factors, which may help halt chronic disease.  Studies where the majority of food is consumed in the first half of the day and less in the second half of the day, reduced inflammation, improved blood sugar control and produced better weight loss and reductions in hunger. In fact, research suggest, breakfast skipping may have detrimental health effects and lead to late night binge-eating.
 
For those wanting to reduce their weight and improve metabolic and hormonal health, a personalised time-restricted eating program from a health-care professional may offer an efficient and easy way to maintain a healthy weight and improve longevity.
 
Bibliography:
Chaix, A., Manoogian, E. N. C., Melkani, G. C., & Panda, S. (2019). Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Annual Review of Nutrition, 39(1). 
Jakubowicz, D., Barnea, M., Wainstein, J., & Froy, O. (2013). High Caloric intake at breakfast vs. dinner differentially influences weight loss of overweight and obese women. Obesity, 21(12), 2504–2512.
Laermans, J., & Depoortere, I. (2016). Chronobesity: role of the circadian system in the obesity epidemic. Obesity reviews, 17(2), 108-125

​It is well established that a healthy dietary pattern is associated with optimal wellbeing and disease risk reduction. To guide the public towards better health, certain dietary plans are now recommended worldwide, such as the traditional Mediterranean diet and The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet (modified).(1) These diets, along with the popular Paleo diet, vary slightly in their components; however, the commonality with these, is achieving a balance between the intake of fruit and vegetables and animal protein.
These diets attribute their health benefits mostly to the increase in nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals and fibre etc., which are needed for biochemical and metabolic processes. However, there is another major physiological effect of these foods that is often overlooked and not included in standard guidelines—the effect on acid-alkaline balance. 

The importance of acid-alkaline balance
Every part of the body needs different levels of acidity and alkalinity for the function of important physiological roles. The balance between alkalinity and acidity and is often termed pH balance, as pH is the measure of hydrogen ions (pH = potential hydrogen), which are acidic. This scale is measured numerically in which the value 7.0 is neutral, below 7.0 is acidic, and above 7.0 is alkaline.
Controlling extracellular pH in the correct range is critical for metabolic homeostasis.(2) For example, research shows that even small changes in the pH levels towards acidity can lead to increased bone breakdown and reduced bone rebuilding.(3) These small changes in pH are termed chronic low-grade or latent acidosis and although it is not as severe as metabolic acidosis (where there is a considerable decrease in blood pH), latent acidosis is more common and can have severe and long-term detrimental effects on health.(4,5)

The effects of chronic low-grade acidosis
If acid production increases more than the body can excrete (primarily via the kidneys), even healthy people are affected by chronic-low grade acidosis.(6) Also, simply ageing has an impact as the glomerular filtration rate of the kidneys decreases by 50% from ages 20 to 80 years. This limits the kidney’s ability to excrete the excess acid produced endogenously during metabolism and from a dietary acid load.(7) Conversely, excess acid from the diet can damage the kidneys, even in children, again reducing acid excretion and increasing tissue acidosis.(8,9)
According to research, the overproduction and accumulation of metabolic acids, a high dietary acid load, and chronic tissue metabolic acidosis may contribute to the development of numerous health issues,2,10 including (2,5,9,10):
·        pain and inflammation
·        fatigue and exhaustion
·        cognitive decline
·        insulin resistance
·        diabetes
·        cardiovascular risk
·        glutathione depletion
·        poor detoxification
·        kidney disease
·        bone demineralisation
·        muscle breakdown
·        gastrointestinal dysfunction
·        developmental issues in children

Chronic low-grade acidosis is often described as diet-induced because a high dietary acid load is a major determinant in the body’s acid-base balance.(11) Conversely, a diet rich in alkalising foods will balance the acid levels and support the body’s acid buffering systems.

Diet and acid-base balance
The original ‘healthy’ Palaeolithic diet was made up of 35% meat and 65% plant matter (12); however, the western or ‘modern’ diet now focuses on high-fat, high sugar, red meat, and refined grains, with very little intake of fruit and vegetables. This dietary pattern is linked with serious health conditions but is also highly acidic. (13)
Although diets, like the Mediterranean diet, are healthy, they can often be difficult for many people to follow in a balanced way. Additionally, regardless of the promotion of these diets, global trends in children and adults show an alarming increase in unhealthy foods, an abundance of animal protein, and a severe lack of adequate fruit and vegetable intake.(9,14)
Fruit and vegetables contain high levels of alkalising minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium, as well as metabolisable anions, including citrate. These anions consume acidic hydrogen ions when they are metabolised and by doing so increase the alkalinity of the body. Citrate bound minerals are also highly effective at neutralising acidosis, as citrate is very alkalising and has high bioavailability. Additionally, plant matter (vegetables and fruits) contains high levels of glutamate, which also consumes acidic hydrogen to help bring the body to a neutral position.(15)
Animal proteins and cereal grains, on the other hand, contain sulphur containing amino acids, which when metabolised produce the highly acidic non-metabolisable anion, sulphate.
In the acid-base balance approach, balance is the key word, with a general recommendation of at least two thirds alkalising foods (mainly vegetables with some fruit) and not more than 1/3 acid forming foods (meats, grains and dairy) at each meal.
Research shows following a moderate protein diet with an increased intake in vegetables and fruit can correct metabolic acidosis and improve numerous health outcomes.
References:
1.      Mozaffarian D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: A comprehensive review. Circulation. 2016;133(2):187-225.
2.      Della Guardia L, Thomas MA, Cena H. Insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis can be influenced by metabolic acid load. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):618.
3.      Arnett TR. Extracellular ph regulates bone cell function. J Nutr. 2008;138(2):415S-8S.
4.      Pizzorno J, Frassetto LA, Katzinger JJBjon. Diet-induced acidosis: Is it real and clinically relevant? 2010;103(8):1185-94.
5.      Vormann J, Goedecke T. Acid-base homeostasis: Latent acidosis as a cause of chronic diseases. SCHWEIZERISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GANZHEITS MEDIZIN. 2006;18(5):255.
6.      Hayhoe, R et al., Longitudinal associations of dietary acid-base load and incident fractures in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Presented at the3rd International Acid-Base Symposium, Smolenice Castle, Slovak Republic, June 24th-28th 2018
7.      Dawson-Hughes, B. Acid-Base Balance - Implications for bone and muscle. Presented at the 3rd International Acid-Base Symposium, Smolenice Castle, Slovak Republic, June 24th-28th 2018
8.      Passey C. Reducing the dietary acid load: How a more alkaline diet benefits patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2017;27(3):151-60.
9.      López M. Potential renal acid load in children with chronic kidney disease. Presented at the 3rd International Acid-Base Symposium, Smolenice Castle, Slovak Republic, June 24th-28th 2018
10.  Gæde J, Nielsen T, Madsen ML, et al. Population-based studies of relationships between dietary acidity load, insulin resistance and incident diabetes in danes. Nutrition journal. 2018;17(1):91
11.  Scialla JJ, Anderson CAM. Dietary acid load: A novel nutritional target in chronic kidney disease? Advances in chronic kidney disease. 2013;20(2):141-9.
12.  Frassetto L, Morris RC, Jr., Sellmeyer DE, et al. Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40(5):200-13.
13.  Rysz J, Franczyk B, Ciałkowska-Rysz A, et al. The effect of diet on the survival of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):495.
14.  Tapsell LC. Dietary behaviour changes to improve nutritional quality and health outcomes. Chronic diseases and translational medicine. 2017;3(3):154-8.
15.  Adeva-Andany MM, Fernandez-Fernandez C, Mourino-Bayolo D, et al. Sodium bicarbonate therapy in patients with metabolic acidosis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014;2014:627673 

The many species of microbes in our gut form a kind of ‘ecosystem’ which helps maintain healthy digestive and metabolic function. However, intestinal flora can become out of balance from antibiotic use, stress, illness or poor dietary choices and when this happens, it can affect our overall vitality and mood.

Being healthy doesn't have to mean missing out on treats but if you or your children have food intolerances or allergies, finding suitable and healthy ‘treat’ alternatives can be tricky. 

One of my children has food intolerances and doesn’t do well on sugar either, so when I tried this chocolate ice-cream recipe, I was so impressed with the creaminess and taste, I just had to share it!

It is dairy-free, gluten-free, sugar-free, egg-free, Paleo friendly and can be made low FODMAPS.

Our stress resilience helps us cope with everyday hectic situations like work deadlines, traffic and even loud noises. Magnesium is essential for healthy nerve function and is the most important mineral for coping with stress. Stress depletes our Magnesium levels and yet we need it for maintaining our stress resilience, so it becomes a vicious cycle.

How stress depletes your Magnesium levels

1.       When you experience stress, your body releases stress hormones, such as adrenalin. Adrenalin pushes Magnesium out of our cells. 99% of Magnesium is needed inside our cells and stress hormones deplete the cells Magnesium.

2.       Research shows that people who have high stress levels, experience loss of Magnesium through their urine. Stress hormones cause our kidneys to excrete more Magnesium than usual, further depleting Magnesium.

3.       When we become stressed, it also affects the digestion and absorption of nutrients from our food. When you are stressed you will have lower Magnesium absorption, so even if you are eating a wholefood diet rich in Magnesium, it may not be being absorbed.

Replenishing your Magnesium levels for better stress resilience

To break through the vicious cycle of stress and Magnesium depletion, it is important to supplement with a good bioavailable form of Magnesium. Because stress reduces Magnesium absorption, your diet may not be enough (at least initially) to replenish your Magnesium stores. Eating foods rich in Magnesium such as green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds can certainly help. 

If left unchecked, chronic stress can cause our adrenal health and metabolism to crash.  A naturopathic consultation can effectively address the underlying factors involved including correcting nutrient deficiencies or imbalances, which might be causing un-wellness. 

By restoring your body’s Magnesium levels, you will cope better with everyday situations with a calmer and happier response, because your nervous system will be properly nourished.